The Evolution of Nanofluids in Automotive Applications: Current State and Future Directions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64229/mmhkf429Keywords:
Nanofluids, Automotive cooling systems, Thermal management, Heat transfer enhancement, Tribological properties, Nanoparticle dispersion stabilityAbstract
The continuous advancement of automotive technology has intensified the demand for innovative materials that improve vehicle performance, energy efficiency, and sustainability. Nanofluids colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles within conventional base fluids have gained considerable attention due to their remarkable thermal and tribological properties. This review examines the current progress in nanofluid research, emphasizing their potential to enhance heat transfer, thermal management, and fuel economy in automotive systems. Nanofluids containing nanoparticles such as Al₂O₃, CuO, and carbon-based materials dispersed in base fluids like water or ethylene glycol have demonstrated superior thermal conductivity, enabling more compact and efficient heat exchangers, radiators, cooling systems, and engine lubricants. The review further explores their tribological advantages in minimizing friction and wear, as well as their contribution to improved combustion efficiency and reduced emissions in fuel systems. Despite these promising outcomes, challenges remain regarding nanoparticle dispersion stability, cost, and long-term performance. Economic factors, including raw material costs, synthesis requirements, and lifecycle considerations, also influence their practical adoption. Future research should focus on optimizing synthesis and stabilization techniques, assessing environmental implications, and developing hybrid nanofluids to maximize efficiency across diverse automotive applications. Overall, this review highlights the transformative potential of nanofluids in advancing automotive technologies while underscoring the need for continued research to address existing limitations and enable practical implementation.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Ahmad Iqbal, Anum Shafiq (Author)
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